Reference grammar
Vocabulary for learning
Chapter 1
| dormiō | I sleep |
| ego | I |
| frāter | brother |
| hōra | hour |
| in | in, on |
| īnsula | block of flats |
| labōrō | I work |
| legō | I read |
| meus | my |
| nōn | not |
| pater | father |
| rīdeō | I laugh, smile |
| servus | slave, enslaved person (male) |
| tū | you (singular) |
| turba | crowd |
| ubi? | where? |
| via | street, road, way |
| sum | I am |
| es | you (singular) are |
| est | (he/she/it) is |
Chapter 2
| cadō | I fall |
| cibus, cibum, m. | food |
| dūcō | I lead, take |
| et | and |
| fīlia, fīliam, f. | daughter |
| fīlius, fīlium, m. | son |
| forum, forum, n. | forum, marketplace |
| habeō | I have, hold |
| habitō | I live |
| intrō | I enter |
| magnus | big, large, great |
| pecūnia, pecūniam, f. | money, sum of money |
| quaerō | I search for, look for, ask |
| quoque | also, too |
| salūtō | I greet |
| sed | but |
| spectō | I look at, watch |
| videō | I see |
| vīnum, vīnum, n. | wine |
| vocō | I call |
Chapter 3
| ambulō | I walk |
| amīcus, amīcum, m. | friend |
| ancilla, ancillam, f. | slave, enslaved person (female) |
| clāmō | I shout |
| clāmor, clāmōrem, m. | shout, shouting, noise |
| cum | with |
| currō | I run |
| dīcō | I say, speak, tell |
| equus, equum, m. | horse |
| festīnō | I hurry |
| gladius, gladium, m. | sword |
| īnfēlīx | unlucky, unhappy |
| laetus | happy |
| multus | much, many |
| omnis | all, every |
| per | through, along |
| prīmus | first |
| senātor, senātōrem, m. | senator |
| urbs, urbem, f. | city |
| vincō | I conquer, win, am |
| victorious |
Chapter 4
| ad | to, towards; at |
| adsum | I am here, I am present |
| deus, deum, m. | god |
| dominus, dominum, m. | master |
| dōnum, dōnum, n. | gift, present |
| laudō | I praise |
| nōs | we, us |
| parvus | small |
| perīculum, perīculum, n. | danger |
| perterritus | terrified |
| puella, puellam, f. | girl |
| quod | because |
| rēx, rēgem, m. | king |
| Rōmānus | Roman |
| subitō | suddenly |
| templum, templum, n. | temple |
| teneō | I hold, keep, possess |
| tollō | I raise, lift up, hold up |
| veniō | I come |
| vōs | you (plural) |
Chapter 5
| aqua, aquam, f. | water |
| audiō, audīre | hear, listen to |
| cupiō, cupere | want, desire |
| custōs, custōdem, m.f. | guard |
| dēbeō, dēbēre | owe |
| dō, dare | give |
| effugiō, effugere | escape |
| iuvenis, iuvenem, m.f. | young person |
| maneō, manēre | remain, stay |
| nēmō, nēminem | no one, nobody |
| nōlō, nōlle | don't want, refuse |
| nox, noctem, f. | night |
| portō, portāre | carry, bear, take |
| possum, posse | can, am able |
| pulcher | beautiful, handsome |
| respondeō, respondēre | reply |
| taceō, tacēre | am silent, am quiet |
| timeō, timēre | fear, am afraid |
| vēndō, vēndere | sell |
| volō, velle | want, wish, am willing |
Chapter 6
| ā, ab + abl. | from, away from |
| capiō, capere | take, catch, capture, adopt (a plan) |
| diēs, diem, m. | day |
| discēdō, discēdere | depart, leave |
| ē, ex + abl. | from, out of |
| exspectō, exspectāre | wait for, expect |
| faciō, facere | make, do |
| iam | now, already |
| in + acc. | into, onto |
| inquit | says |
| marītus, marītum, m. | husband |
| māter, mātrem, f. | mother |
| prope + acc. | near |
| rogō, rogāre | ask, ask for |
| sedeō, sedēre | sit |
| stō, stāre | stand |
| tōtus | whole |
| trīstis | sad |
| tuus | your (singular), yours |
| uxor, uxōrem, f. | wife |
Chapter 7
| appropinquō, appropinquāre, appropinquāvī | approach, come near to |
| cūr? | why? |
| epistula, epistulam, f. | letter |
| homō, hominem, m. | man, person |
| ingēns | huge |
| īnsula, īnsulam, f. | island; block of flats |
| mīles, mīlitem, m. | soldier |
| minimē | no |
| nārrō, nārrāre, nārrāvī | tell, relate |
| nauta, nautam, m. | sailor |
| nunc | now |
| ōlim | once, some time ago |
| pars, partem, f. | part |
| puer, puerum, m. | boy |
| pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī | fight |
| rēs, rem, f. | thing, story |
| saepe | often |
| silva, silvam, f. | wood, forest |
| tum | then |
| vehementer | loudly, violently, strongly |
Chapter 8
| agō, agere, ēgī | do |
| bibō, bibere, bibī | drink |
| cōnspiciō, cōnspicere, cōnspexī | catch sight of, notice |
| dē + abl. | from, down from; about |
| domus, domum, f. | house, home |
| eam | her; it |
| eum | him; it |
| gerō, gerere, gessī | wear |
| iaceō, iacēre, iacuī | lie down |
| incendō, incendere, incendī | burn, set on fire |
| mox | soon |
| nihil | nothing |
| noster | our |
| porta, portam, f. | gate |
| postquam | after |
| prōcēdō, prōcēdere, prōcessī | go along, proceed |
| senex, senem, m.f. | old person |
| surgō, surgere, surrēxī | get up |
| tandem | at last, finally |
| trāns + acc. | across |
Chapter 9
| adveniō, advenīre, advēnī | arrive |
| cīvis, cīvem, m.f. | citizen |
| difficilis | difficult |
| domina, dominam, f. | mistress, lady |
| gravis | heavy; serious |
| hostis, hostem, m. | enemy |
| imperātor, imperātōrem, m. | emperor, general |
| īrātus | angry |
| iter, iter, n. | journey, route, way |
| lacrimō, lacrimāre, lacrimāvī | cry, weep |
| līberī, līberōs, m.pl. | children |
| medius | middle, middle of |
| nūntius, nūntium, m. | messenger; message, news |
| paucī, pl. | few, a few |
| petō, petere, petīvī | attack; seek, beg, ask for |
| sanguis, sanguinem, m. | blood |
| statim | immediately, at once |
| trādō, trādere, trādidī | hand over, hand down |
| vir, virum, m. | man |
| vīta, vītam, f. | life |
Chapter 10
| accipiō, accipere, accēpī | accept, take in, receive |
| alius, alia, aliud | another, other |
| annus, annum, m. | year |
| bonus, bona, bonum | good |
| contrā + acc. | against |
| dea, deam, f. | goddess |
| deinde | then |
| ferō, ferre, tulī | bring, carry, bear |
| fidēlis, fidēlis, fidēle | loyal, faithful, trustworthy |
| iaciō, iacere, iēcī | throw |
| locus, locum, m. | place |
| miser, misera, miserum | poor, unfortunate |
| novus, nova, novum | new |
| nūllus, nūlla, nūllum | no, not any |
| occīdō, occīdere, occīdī | kill |
| pāx, pācem, f. | peace |
| pereō, perīre, periī | die, perish |
| quam … ! | how … ! |
| sacer, sacra, sacrum | sacred, holy |
| sub + acc. or abl. | under, below, beneath |
Chapter 11
| absum, abesse, āfuī | am out, absent, away |
| accidō, accidere, accidī | happen |
| altus, alta, altum | high, deep |
| bene | well |
| dux, ducis, m. | leader |
| flūmen, flūminis, n. | river |
| fortis, fortis, forte | brave |
| frūstrā | in vain, without success |
| fugiō, fugere, fūgī | run away, flee |
| hodiē | today |
| ibi | there |
| inveniō, invenīre, invēnī | find |
| itaque | and so, therefore |
| mare, maris, n. | sea |
| nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī | sail |
| nāvis, nāvis, f. | ship |
| prō + abl. | in front of; for |
| saevus, saeva, saevum | savage, cruel |
| sōlus, sōla, sōlum | alone, lonely, only, on one’s own |
| ubi | where? where, when |
Chapter 12
| caelum, caelī, n. | sky, heaven |
| caput, capitis, n. | head |
| corpus, corporis, n. | body |
| crūdēlis, crūdēlis, crūdēle | cruel |
| dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī | destroy |
| diū | for a long time |
| iānua, iānuae, f. | door, doorway |
| iterum | again |
| mittō, mittere, mīsī | send |
| offerō, offerre, obtulī | offer |
| quis? quid? | who? what? |
| redeō, redīre, rediī | go back, come back, return |
| Rōma, Rōmae, f. | Rome |
| servō, servāre, servāvī | save, protect, keep, look after |
| stultus, stulta, stultum | stupid, foolish |
| superō, superāre, superāvī | overcome, overpower |
| taberna, tabernae, f. | shop, inn |
| terra, terrae, f. | ground |
| trahō, trahere, trāxī | drag, draw, pull |
| vōx, vōcis, f. | voice, shout |
Chapter 13
| coepī | began |
| cōnsūmō, cōnsūmere, cōnsūmpsī | consume, eat |
| intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī | understand, realize |
| inter + acc. | among, between |
| ita vērō | yes, absolutely |
| labor, labōris, m. | work |
| longus, longa, longum | long |
| mūrus, mūrī, m. | wall |
| nōmen, nōminis, n. | name |
| parō, parāre, parāvī | prepare |
| post + acc. | after, behind |
| praemium, praemiī, n. | prize, reward, profit |
| quamquam | although |
| quī, quae, quod | who, which |
| quōmodo? | how? in what way? |
| semper | always |
| summus, summa, summum | highest, greatest, top (of) |
| suus, sua, suum | her, his, its, their (own) |
| tamen | however |
| vīvō, vīvere, vīxī | live, am alive |
Chapter 14
| amō, amāre, amāvī | love, like |
| amor, amōris, m. | love |
| cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī | think, consider |
| cōnficiō, cōnficere, cōnfēcī | finish |
| cōnsilium, cōnsiliī, n. | plan, idea, advice |
| cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī | decide |
| dīrus, dīra, dīrum | dreadful |
| eōs | them |
| fēmina, fēminae, f. | woman |
| mōns, montis, m. | mountain |
| mors, mortis, f. | death |
| nec | and not, nor, neither |
| nec … nec … | neither … nor … |
| necō, necāre, necāvī | kill |
| nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī | don't know |
| numquam | never |
| ostendō, ostendere, ostendī | show |
| tempus, temporis, n. | time |
| terreō, terrēre, terruī | frighten |
| verbum, verbī, n. | word |
Chapter 15
| anteā | before |
| bellum, bellī, n. | war |
| cēna, cēnae, f. | dinner, meal |
| cēterī, cēterae, cētera, pl. | the rest, the others |
| cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī | get to know, find out, learn |
| comes, comitis, m.f. | comrade, companion |
| eō, īre, iī | go |
| etiam | even, also |
| ferōx, ferōx, ferōcis | fierce, ferocious |
| hortus, hortī, m. | garden |
| intereā | meanwhile |
| iubeō, iubēre, iussī | order |
| lībertus, lībertī, m. | freedman, former slave |
| multum | much |
| nōnne? | surely? |
| nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī | announce, report |
| putō, putāre, putāvī | think |
| sē | himself, herself, itself, themselves |
| simulatque | as soon as |
| vīlla, vīllae, f. | country house, house |
Chapter 16
| ac | and |
| auferō, auferre, abstulī | steal, carry off |
| brevis, brevis, breve | short, brief |
| cēlō, cēlāre, cēlāvī | hide |
| hic, haec, hoc | this, he, she, it |
| ille, illa, illud | that, he, she, it |
| imperium, imperiī, n. | empire; power |
| legō, legere, lēgī | read; choose |
| lūx, lūcis, f. | light, daylight |
| ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī | beg, beg for |
| prīnceps, prīncipis, m. | chief; emperor |
| quō? | where to? |
| rapiō, rapere, rapuī | seize, grab |
| rēgīna, rēgīnae, f. | queen |
| resistō, resistere, restitī + dat. | resist |
| reveniō, revenīre, revēnī | come back, return |
| sciō, scīre, scīvī | know |
| sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī | feel, notice |
| sī | if |
| sine + abl. | without |
Order of information in Latin sentences
In a Latin sentence information tends to come in a standard order. Familiarity with that order can help you to read and understand Latin.
In general, expect the nominative first, then accusative, and then verb. For example:
sorōrēs gladiōs vēndēbant sisters swords they were selling The sisters were selling swords. If the nominative does not need to be stated, expect accusative, verb:
gladiōs vēndēbant. swords they were selling They were selling swords. If there is no accusative, then expect nominative, verb:
sorōrēs currēbant. sisters they were running The sisters were running. Adverbs, and phrases describing the action, are usually immediately before the verb:
sorōrēs gladiōs in forō vēndēbant. sisters swords in the forum they were selling The sisters were selling swords in the forum. A dative noun is usually between the nominative and accusative:
sorōrēs cīvibus gladiōs in forō vēndēbant. sisters to the citizens swords in the forum they were selling The sisters were selling swords to the citizens in the forum. Adjectives may appear before or after the nouns they describe.
sorōrēs cīvibus gladiōs pulchrōs in forō vēndēbant. sisters to the citizens swords beautiful ones in the forum they were selling The sisters were selling beautiful swords to the citizens in the forum. Adjectives of size or number are usually before the noun they describe:
sorōrēs cīvibus multōs gladiōs in forō vēndēbant. sisters to the citizens many swords in the forum they were selling The sisters were selling many swords to the citizens in the forum. Genitives usually follow the nouns they describe:
sorōrēs cīvibus gladiōs parentum in forō vēndēbant. sisters to the citizens swords of their parents in the forum they were selling The sisters were selling their parents' swords to the citizens in the forum. Relative clauses also often follow the nouns they describe:
Sabīna, quae paene rīdēbat, Alexandrō appropinquāvit. Sabina who almost was laughing to Alexander drew near Sabina, who was almost laughing, drew near to/approached Alexander. Indirect statements use an accusative and infinitive construction. The accusative usually comes immediately after the verb of saying, thinking, or perceiving. The infinitive often comes at the end of the sentence:
servī dīcunt hominēs plaustra, custōdīre. slaves say men carts to guard The slaves say that men are guarding the carts. As you become familiar with the usual word order, you may notice when the author departs from that order to emphasize a particular word or point:
Mānium in viā invēnimus mortuum. Manius in the street we found dead We found Manius in the street. He was dead. servum Rūfīna videt. slave Rufina sees It’s the slave that Rufina sees. Sometimes Latin authors used a symmetrical order of words:
clāmōrēs hominum et equōrum hinnītus shouts of men and of horses neighing the shouts of men and the neighing of horses Latin authors were also fond of using three parallel examples, as well as removing words such as et:
vigilēs, cīvēs, servī servāre temptābant virginēs firemen citizens slaves to save were trying young women The firemen, citizens, and enslaved people were trying to save the young women. Latin verbs are sometimes omitted if they can be understood from elsewhere in the sentence:
mīles erat nimium gravis, puella nōn valida, glaciēs nōn firma. The soldier was too heavy, the girl (was) not strong, the ice (was) not firm.
Nouns
First declension | Second declension | ||||
| feminine | masculine | masculine | neuter | ||
| SINGULAR | |||||
| nominative | puella | amīcus | puer | dōnum | |
| accusative | puellam | amīcum | puerum | dōnum | |
| genitive | puellae | amīcī | puerī | dōnī | |
| dative | puellae | amīcō | puerō | dōnō | |
| ablative | puellā | amīcō | puerō | dōnō | |
| PLURAL | |||||
| nominative | puellae | amīcī | puerī | dōna | |
| accusative | puellās | amīcōs | puerōs | dōna | |
| genitive | puellārum | amīcōrum | puerōrum | dōnōrum | |
| dative | puellīs | amīcīs | puerīs | dōnīs | |
| ablative | puellīs | amīcīs | puerīs | dōnīs | |
Third declension | ||||
| masculine | feminine | feminine | neuter | |
| SINGULAR | ||||
| nominative | fūr | nox | urbs | caput |
| accusative | fūrem | noctem | urbem | caput |
| genitive | fūris | noctis | urbis | capitis |
| dative | fūrī | noctī | urbī | capitī |
| ablative | fūre | nocte | urbe | capite* |
| PLURAL | ||||
| nominative | fūrēs | noctēs | urbēs | capita |
| accusative | fūrēs | noctēs | urbēs | capita |
| genitive | fūrum | noctium | urbium | capitum |
| dative | fūribus | noctibus | urbibus | capitibus |
| ablative | fūribus | noctibus | urbibus | capitibus |
The vocative case has exactly the same form as the nominative case, except in the singular of the second declension, where -us becomes -e and -ius becomes -ī. For examples see page 190.
* The ablative singular of mare (sea) ends -ī: marī.
Uses of the cases
nominative | amīcus labōrat. | The friend is working. | The noun carrying out the action. |
vocative | salvē, Faustē! | Hello, Faustus! | Speaking to someone. |
accusative | puella amīcum laudat. puella ad amīcum ambulat.
| The girl praises her friend. The girl walks towards her friend.
| The noun receiving the action. with some prepositions, e.g. ad (towards) per (through) trāns (across) in (into) How long something lasts for. |
genitive | nōmen amīcī. | the friend’s name | Possession: of, ’s |
dative | puella amīcō dōnum dat. necesse est amīcō labōrāre. puella semper amīcō crēdit. | The girl gives a present to her friend. It is necessary for the friend to work. The girl always trusts her friend. | to
|
ablative | puella cum amīcō in forō ambulat.
hōra prīma puella surgit. | The girl is walking with her friend in the forum.
At the first hour the girl gets up. | in, on, by, with, from, at, often with a preposition, e.g. in (in, on) cum (with) ā/ab (from, by) ē/ex (out of) The time when something happens. |
Adjectives
First and second declension | Third declension | |||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine/ feminine | neuter | masculine/ feminine | neuter | ||
| SINGULAR | ||||||||
| nominative | bonus | bona | bonum | tristis | triste | ingens | ||
| accusative | bonum | bonam | bonum | tristem | triste | ingentem | ingens | |
| genitive | bonī | bonae | bonī | tristis | ingentis | |||
| dative | bonō | bonae | bonō | tristī | ingentī | |||
| ablative | bonō | bonā | bonō | tristī | ingentī | |||
| PLURAL | ||||||||
| nominative | bonī | bonae | bona | tristēs | tristia | ingentēs | ingentia | |
| accusative | bonōs | bonās | bona | tristēs | tristia | ingentēs | ingentia | |
| genitive | bonōrum | bonārum | bonōrum | tristium | ingentium | |||
| dative | bonīs | tristibus | ingentibus | |||||
| ablative | bonīs | tristibus | ingentibus | |||||
Comparative and superlative adjectives
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | |||||
| laetus | happy | laetior | happier | laetissimus | happiest, very happy | ||
| pulcher | beautiful | pulchrior | more beautiful | pulcherrimus | most beautiful, very beautiful | ||
| trīstis | sad | trīstior | sadder | trīstissimus | saddest, very sad | ||
| dīves | rich | dīvitior | richer | dīvitissimus | richest, very rich | ||
| facilis | easy | facilior | easier | facillimus | easiest, very easy | ||
Irregular forms
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | |||||
| bonus | good | melior | better | optimus | best, very good | ||
| magnus | big | maior | bigger | maximus | biggest, very big | ||
| malus | bad | pēior | worse | pessimus | worst, very bad | ||
| multus | much | plūs | more | plūrimus | most, very much | ||
| parvus | small | minor | smaller | minimus | smallest, very small | ||
Adjectives/Pronouns
| SINGULAR | masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | hic | haec | hoc | ille | illa | illud | |
| accusative | hunc | hanc | hoc | illum | illam | illud | |
| genitive | huius | illīus | |||||
| dative | huic | illī | |||||
| ablative | hōc | hāc | hōc | illō | illā | illō | |
| PLURAL | |||||||
| nominative | hī | hae | haec | illī | illae | illa | |
| accusative | hōs | hās | haec | illōs | illās | illa | |
| genitive | hōrum | hārum | hōrum | illōrum | illārum | illōrum | |
| dative | hīs | illīs | |||||
| ablative | hīs | illīs | |||||
| SINGULAR | masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | is | ea | id | quī | quae | quod | |
| accusative | eum | eam | id | quem | quam | quod | |
| genitive | eius | cuius | |||||
| dative | eī | cui | |||||
| ablative | eō | eā | eō | quō | quā | quō | |
| PLURAL | |||||||
| nominative | eī | eae | ea | quī | quae | quae | |
| accusative | eōs | eās | ea | quōs | quās | quae | |
| genitive | eōrum | eārum | eōrum | quōrum | quārum | quōrum | |
| dative | eīs | quibus | |||||
| ablative | eīs | quibus | |||||
| I | we | you (singular) | you (plural) | himself, herself, themselves | |
| nominative | ego | nōs | tū | vōs | |
| accusative | mē | nōs | tē | vōs | sē |
| genitive | meī | nostrum | tuī | vestrum | suī |
| dative | mihi | nōbīs | tibi | vōbīs | sibi |
| ablative | mē | nōbīs | tē | vōbīs | sē |
Numbers
| 1 | I | ūnus, ūna, ūnum |
| 2 | II | duo, duae, duo |
| 3 | III | trēs, trēs, tria |
| 4 | IIII or IV | quattuor |
| 5 | V | quīnque |
| 6 | VI | sex |
| 7 | VII | septem |
| 8 | VIII | octō |
| 9 | VIIII or IX | novem |
| 10 | X | decem |
| 50 | L | quīnquāgintā |
| 100 | C | centum |
| 500 | D | quīngentī |
| 1,000 | M | mīlle |
| 1st | prīmus, a, um |
| 2nd | secundus, a, um |
| 3rd | tertius, a, um |
| 4th | quārtus, a, um |
| 5th | quīntus, a, um |
| 6th | sextus, a, um |
| 7th | septimus, a, um |
| 8th | octāvus, a, um |
| 9th | nōnus, a, um |
| 10th | decimus, a, um |
The numbers 4–10, 50, and 100 do not change their endings.
The numbers 1–3 change their endings as follows:
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | |||
| nominative | ūnus | ūna | ūnum | duo | duae | duo | trēs | tria | ||
| accusative | ūnum | ūnam | ūnum | duōs | duās | duo | trēs | tria | ||
| genitive | ūnius | duōrum | duārum | duōrum | trium | |||||
| dative | ūni | duōbus | duābus | duōbus | tribus | |||||
| ablative | ūnō | ūnā | ūnō | duōbus | duābus | duōbus | tribus | |||
Verbs
1st conj. | 2nd conj. | 3rd conj. | 4th conj. | 3rd/4th conj. | |
| call | hold | send | hear | take | |
| PRESENT (I call, am calling, etc.) | |||||
| I | vocō | teneō | mittō | audiō | capiō |
| you (sing.) | vocās | tenēs | mittis | audīs | capis |
| he, she, it | vocat | tenet | mittit | audit | capit |
| we | vocāmus | tenēmus | mittimus | audīmus | capimus |
| you (pl.) | vocātis | tenētis | mittitis | audītis | capitis |
| they | vocant | tenent | mittunt | audiunt | capiunt |
| FUTURE (I shall call, etc.) | |||||
| I | vocābō | tenēbō | |||
| you (sing.) | vocābis | tenēbis | |||
| he, she, it | vocābit | tenēbit | |||
| we | vocābimus | tenēbimus | |||
| you (pl.) | vocābitis | tenēbitis | |||
| they | vocābunt | tenēbunt | |||
| IMPERFECT (I was calling, used to call, etc.) | |||||
| I | vocābam | tenēbam | mittēbam | audiēbam | capiēbam |
| you (sing.) | vocābās | tenēbās | mittēbās | audiēbās | capiēbās |
| he, she, it | vocābat | tenēbat | mittēbat | audiēbat | capiēbat |
| we | vocābāmus | tenēbāmus | mittēbāmus | audiēbāmus | capiēbāmus |
| you (pl.) | vocābātis | tenēbātis | mittēbātis | audiēbātis | capiēbātis |
| they | vocābant | tenēbant | mittēbant | audiēbant | capiēbant |
| PERFECT (I called, have called, etc.) | |||||
| I | vocāvī | tenuī | mīsī | audīvī | cēpī |
| you (sing.) | vocāvistī | tenuistī | mīsistī | audīvistī | cēpistī |
| he, she, it | vocāvit | tenuit | mīsit | audīvit | cēpit |
| we | vocāvimus | tenuimus | mīsimus | audīvimus | cēpimus |
| you (pl.) | vocāvistis | tenuistis | mīsistis | audīvistis | cēpistis |
| they | vocāvērunt | tenuērunt | mīsērunt | audīvērunt | cēpērunt |
| PRESENT INFINITIVE (to call, etc.) | |||||
| vocāre | tenēre | mittere | audīre | capere | |
| IMPERATIVE (call!, etc.) | |||||
| singular | vocā | tenē | mitte | audī | cape |
| plural | vocāte | tenēte | mittite | audīte | capite |
Irregular verbs
| PRESENT | I am | I am able | I go | I want | I don’t want | I bring |
| I | sum | possum | eō | volō | nōlō | ferō |
| you (sing.) | es | potes | īs | vīs | nōn vīs | fers |
| he, she, it | est | potest | it | vult | nōn vult | fert |
| we | sumus | possumus | īmus | volumus | nōlumus | ferimus |
| you (pl.) | estis | potestis | ītis | vultis | nōn vultis | fertis |
| they | sunt | possunt | eunt | volunt | nōlunt | ferunt |
| FUTURE | I shall be | I shall be able | I shall go | |||
| I | erō | poterō | ībō | |||
| you (sing.) | eris | poteris | ībis | |||
| he, she, it | erit | poterit | ībit | |||
| we | erimus | poterimus | ībimus | |||
| you (pl.) | eritis | poteritis | ībitis | |||
| they | erunt | poterunt | ībunt | |||
| IMPERFECT | I was | I was able | I was going | I used to want | I was unwilling | I was bringing |
| I | eram | poteram | ībam | volēbam | nōlēbam | ferēbam |
| you (sing.) | erās | poterās | ībās | volēbās | nōlēbās | ferēbās |
| he, she, it | erat | poterat | ībat | volēbat | nōlēbat | ferēbat |
| we | erāmus | poterāmus | ībāmus | volēbāmus | nōlēbāmus | ferēbāmus |
| you (pl.) | erātis | poterātis | ībātis | volēbātis | nōlēbātis | ferēbātis |
| they | erant | poterant | ībant | volēbant | nōlēbant | ferēbant |
| PERFECT | I have been | I have been able | I went | I wanted | I didn’t want | I brought |
| I | fuī | potuī | iī | voluī | nōluī | tulī |
| you (sing.) | fuistī | potuistī | iistī | voluistī | nōluistī | tulistī |
| he, she, it | fuit | potuit | iit | voluit | nōluit | tulit |
| we | fuimus | potuimus | iimus | voluimus | nōluimus | tulimus |
| you (pl.) | fuistis | potuistis | iistis | voluistis | nōluistis | tulistis |
| they | fuērunt | potuērunt | iērunt | voluērunt | nōluērunt | tulērunt |
| PRESENT INFINITIVE | to be | to be able | to go | to want | not to want | to bring |
| esse | posse | īre | velle | nōlle | ferre | |
| IMPERATIVE | go! | be unwilling! | bring! | |||
| singular | ī | nōlī | fer | |||
| plural | īte | nōlīte | ferte | |||